It's my belief that electric vehicle manufacturers need to confront the issue of battery degradation head on and explain to perspective customers what they should reasonably expect from their battery pack. There are a lot of external factors that will influence the batteries performance and life span, and some can be controlled by the owner. The best way to deal with the inevitable battery capacity loss and reduced range is to offer the customer tips on how to properly care for their battery pack as well as providing a fair, yet robust battery warranty. It's a simple fact battery powered cars slowly lose battery capacity and thus range, but how much and how fast? This is an important topic and I wrote a post for BMWBLOG on this recently. I received a lot of questions about it (which is good!) so I decided to put the post up here also. The more people it reaches the better...
BMW is on the precipice of stepping into the future of personal mobility. The electrification of the automobile is inevitable; however the question facing the industry is when should they jump in and bring an all electric vehicle to market. BMW has decided the time is now.
Nissan was the first to bring a purpose built, all electric car to their showrooms a few years ago and have sold over 50,000 LEAF’s worldwide so far. While I applauded them for taking the lead and acting at a time when others were still talking about EV’s, I was also critical of their decision to exclude a sophisticated thermal battery management system which would help maintain a consistent range throughout varying ambient temperatures as well as help extend the battery’s life. This omission has proven costly to them as some LEAF customers that live in hot weather climates like Arizona have experienced unacceptable battery capacity loss; prompting buybacks, battery replacements and has even forced Nissan to change their battery warranty to now include capacity loss.
I’ve been in BMW’s electric vehicle Trial Lease Program for nearly 4 years and have driven 120,000 all electric miles. I have carefully recorded data from every trip I have taken and have over 2,400 log entries. I have been monitoring how the battery reacts to factors like speed, ambient temperature and the topographic conditions of my journey, but I have been paying the most attention to how the battery pack has degraded over time.
The battery in any electric vehicle is the most important and expensive component of the car. Electric vehicle battery packs are susceptible to the same capacity loss as any other battery, whether they are used for your laptop or a flashlight. Once you’ve used them for a while, they are never as good as they were when they were new. When people ask me about my ActiveE’s range, rarely do they ask what will the range be in three years – but they should. I don’t think most people that are considering an electric vehicle fully understand this. Take for instance my ActiveE. The official EPA range rating was 94 miles per charge, which is about what the 2014 i3 is expected to deliver. When I first got it I was able to average about 96 miles per charge in moderate temperatures. Fifteen months and 1,000 recharges later, I can expect about 90-91 miles under the same conditions which translate to about an 8% reduction in range. My results are a bit extreme because I drive much more than the average person. In fact, I have 45,000 miles on the car after only 15 months and have charged it over 1,000 times. That kind of mileage would probably be typical after about 2 ½ to 3 years of driving for the average person so I’m sure I have brought on the battery capacity loss earlier than what should be expected under normal circumstances, but it does offer insight into what perspective i3 customers can expect over time.
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| My data shows I've lost about 2kWh's of capacity(8%) on my ActiveE's pack so far. That isn't bad for 44,000 miles and 1,000 recharges. |
The ActiveE has a 32 kWh battery pack but BMW claims only about 28kWh’s are usable. The remaining 4 kWh’s are kept as a buffer because it’s not good for lithium ion battery’s to fully charge to 100% or to allow them to be completely drained. When the car was new, I was measuring on average about 27.4 kWh’s available to me and now that number has shrunk to about 25.25 kWh which is about an 8% capacity loss. Battery capacity loss isn’t linear so it’s not possible to accurately predict future loss. There are also many factors that will affect the degradation that I can control, which further complicates the process of estimating future results. Since the ActiveE is purely a test car, and will be decommissioned after my two years with it, I don’t have to be really concerned with protecting the battery to help it last longer, but if I did there are some things that I could do to help fend off early capacity loss.
How to guard against early capacity loss
1) Avoid deep discharges. As mentioned above lithium ion batteries do not like to be frequently fully drained. Once in a while won’t hurt, but you don’t want to be rolling into your garage every night with the state of charge under 5%.
2) Don’t leave a fully charged EV sitting unused for long periods of time. While charging to 100% daily isn’t really a problem, if you are not going to be using the car for a while, like days at a time then it’s best to leave it at about 80% charged. A typical example would be if you were going away on vacation for a while. In that case, don’t fully charge the car before you leave. It would be ideal to leave it between 70% and 80% charged until you get back.
3) Avoid excessive fast charging. The BMW i3 will have the capability of charging on a DC quick charger which will charge the battery to 80% in about a half hour. While the batteries are not damaged by quick charging process, they can be damaged by the heat created by fast charging. Unlike the Nissan LEAF, the i3 will have a complex thermal management system that is liquid based and its sole purpose is to keep the battery at safe operating temperatures to prolong the battery life and extend the cars range. This system will definitely allow you to fast charge more often without damage than if the car didn’t have it, but most industry experts still warn against consistent use of fast chargers. The science hasn’t really proven this one way or the other just yet, as DC quick charge is just beginning to be available to EV’s, but I would prefer to err on the side of caution and only use DC quick charge when I really needed to. I’m sure a few times a month won’t have any adverse effects.
4) Don’t leave the car parked in a hot parking lot in direct sunlight if possible. I’m not suggesting you constantly hunt for a shaded paring spot when you run to the shopping mall, but if it is an extremely hot day(90+ degrees) and you’ll be leaving the car parked for many hours, it would be wise to find a spot where the car isn’t baking in direct sunlight. One of the biggest enemies to the li-ion battery cells is heat. The ideal temperature for the battery is 68 degrees Fahrenheit and as the battery temperature rises to about 90 degrees the cells begin to degrade. Once the battery temperature exceeds 105 degrees there is definite cell damage and capacity loss. I have only witnessed such a high battery temperature twice in my ActiveE since the thermal management system is constantly working to cool off the batteries when it’s hot out. I suspect the i3’s thermal management system will work even better since it’s been engineered and refined for about four years now, and the ActiveE’s system was only designed to be used on a short-term test car. In fact, if you look at the above graph you can see a period where the capacity dropped rapidly. That period was immediately following the summer of 2012, when I experienced my highest battery temperatures. I can’t say for sure whether or not that is directly related to the rapid capacity loss, but I do suspect it played a role.
5) If you don’t need all the range the car can offer on a daily basis, then don’t fully charge it every night. I know above I said it’s not a problem for daily use, however if you don’t really need to then it’s better not to always fully charge to 100%. I may be nitpicking a bit here and others may say it’s not a problem, but if you know you only drive 30 or 40 miles a day commuting, then there is no need to fully charge your EV if it has an 80 -100 mile range. You can set it on a timer to stop charging before it’s fully charged or use the feature that many EV’s have which allows you to set the amount of charge the car accepts. You can charge to 80% daily and then set it to fully charge on the occasional days you need more range. I wouldn’t really worry too much about doing this, but if you are a low mileage driver, then it certainly won’t hurt.
What I Believe BMW needs to do
Capacity loss is a fact of life when you have an electric car, I’ve witnessed it first hand and have the data to back it up. However I wonder if the average prospective BMW i customer understands all this? Probably not. How BMW educates the customer will play a crucial role in their long term product satisfaction. The customer must know what to expect before they buy the car or they are surely to be disappointed a couple years down the road when the destinations that they used to travel to are suddenly out of range. I know capacity loss is a moving target and there isn’t any way to offer exact predictions, but it is possible to produce charts and graphs that will offer estimates for the owner so they are at least prepared for what is to come. I’m sure BMW has much more sophisticated capacity loss data than I do and they can certainly prepare a “Battery 101” brochure for prospective i3 customers so they can learn about this before they buy the car and will be prepared to take better long term care of their battery.
Secondly, BMW needs to show confidence in their product and offer a robust warranty that not only covers defects, but also guarantees battery capacity. GM and Nissan both came out with strong 8yr / 100,000 mile warranties for their EV batteries, and Nissan recently added a capacity loss warranty after their recent problems. Nissan now guaranties the battery will be greater than 66.25% of its original capacity for 5 years or 60,000 miles. I see this as a step in the right direction for Nissan, but I am hoping BMW shows even more confidence in the i3’s battery. I would like to see them guarantee 70% capacity for 5 years or 75,000. I think this is a reasonable offer considering BMW will be utilizing a state-of-the-art battery thermal management system to help maintain proper temperature. Plus being a premium manufacturer, I believe their customers expect a premium product to have a warranty that instills confidence, especially since this will most likely be the first electric vehicle that virtually all of them purchase. A strong warranty may be the deciding factor in whether or not they are willing to take that leap into e-mobility.
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